Yttrium

Essential stabilizer: enables ultra‑resistant ceramics (Yttria‑stabilized zirconia), high‑performance lasers and reliable components in harsh environments.

Properties

Atomic Mass

88.90584

Density

4.47 g/cm³

Melting Point

1522°C

Boiling Point

3345°C

Discovered

1794 by Johan Gadolin in Ytterby, Sweden

Yttrium (Y): The Universal Companion

Discovered in 1794 by Johan Gadolin at Ytterby, Yttrium became a guiding thread in untangling the rare earths. Today it stands out as a Strategic stabilizer in ceramics (Yttria) for zirconia—creating heat‑ and wear‑resistant materials used in engine injectors and solid oxide fuel cells. It is also used in high‑performance lasers and certain red phosphors. A metal of reliability, it boosts endurance and performance in extreme environments.

Key Applications

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Stabilizing zirconia (Yttria) for high‑strength ceramics

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Engine injectors and SOFC components

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Oxygen sensors and high‑temperature environments

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High‑performance lasers and phosphors

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High‑temperature superconductors (YBCO)

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Thermal barrier coatings (TBC) and protective ceramics

Market Data

Primary Supply

China accounts for over 80% of production; minor contributions from Myanmar and Australia

Demand Trend

Stable to robust growth at 5.92-7.71% CAGR, fueled by LEDs, electronics, lasers, and medical applications; recent shortages highlight vulnerability to supply disruptions

Reserves

Abundant in ion-adsorption clays, with global estimates adequate for near-term demand; however, high reliance on Chinese sources poses risks

Yttrium (Y): Stabilizer of Endurance and Performance

Strategic stabilizing role for ceramics and long‑life components.

Applications: SOFC, injectors, high‑temperature sensors, lasers/phosphors.

Industrial interest: greater reliability/longevity, improved energy efficiency and lower maintenance.

Risks & Substitutes

Supply concentration; dependence on specific sourcing routes.

Partial substitutes for YSZ: magnesia (MgO), lime (CaO) or ceria (CeO2) dopants — different performance by use case.

Price/demand sensitivity tied to ceramics and laser markets.

Related Materials

→ Europium → Terbium